Coccidioidomycosis Valley Fever Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coccidioidomycosis Valley Fever - Research Paper Example It is spread through the air when its spores are upset by wind. It is assessed that 150,000 contaminations occur every year in the US, albeit generally 50% of this don't present any side effects. The organism is found in South America, Central America, Mexico, and South Western US since these territories climate conditions and residue that takes into consideration the development of Coccidioides. Individuals get this sickness when they breathe in dust that contains the spores of this parasite. This spores spread into the air when residue containing the growth experiences unsettling influence through development work, burrowing, or solid breezes (Williams 41). The ailment is difficult to forestall, and no immunization exists at present, in spite of the fact that endeavors towards its improvement are proceeding. This exploration paper tries to utilize diary articles and boos to talk about the study of disease transmission, pathogenesis, types, finding, treatment, inconveniences, and us e in natural fighting of Coccidioidomycosis. District of Primary Location The guide gave beneath shows regions in the Americas where mass testing has uncovered valley fever as an endemic sickness. Observing the way that 66% of cases in the United States are found in Arizona with Tucson and Phoenix being the most influenced is fundamental. In California, the endemic region is Kern County (Tabor 27). There are likewise territories of high endemic events in Northwestern Mexico, South America, and Central America. Also, it has been known for ecological conditions to spread spores across many miles and cause contamination. The mass testing that distinguished the essential zones has not been done again for over 50 years. Valley fever is confined to America with an approximated 150,000 diseases consistently with the contamination rates in the remainder of the Americas as of now obscure (Tabor 27). Around 25,000 new cases yearly in the US lead to ~75 passings every year. There are periodic pestilences with case numbers ascending in Arizona, which might be identified with individuals moving there. Outside of the United States, the most influenced countries are Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Guatemala, and Mexico. (Williams 18) Epidemiology Valley fever is bound to territories that lie somewhere in the range of 400N and 400S. The creature is especially upheld by dry and dusty soils in the lower sonaran life zone. Rates of the organism’s event increments altogether in periods where there is overwhelming precipitation followed by dry periods (Einstein and Catanzaro 23). The growth is known to contaminate lion's share of the well evolved creatures, particularly felines, mutts, and people. Species, for example, marine vertebrates like the ocean otter, llamas, and animals have been seen as particularly helpless against the valley fever organism. Pathogenesis The valley fever parasite exists as fibers in lab situations and soil. Cells that are found inside the hyphae, af ter some time, ruffian and structure arthroconidia that are barrel molded cells (Stevens 1079). These cells are light in weight and are shipped by wind where they are effectively inhalable sans information on the person. When these cells show up in the individual’s alveoli, they become bigger, creating inward septations, whose structure is alluded to as spherule and form into endospores. When these spherules crack, the endosperms are discharged with the cycle being rehashed, spreading a neighborhood disease. The knobs that now and again structure around the spherules could crack, and their substance discharged, into the bronchus, to frame depressions with slight dividers. These cavities prompted relentless hacks, haemoptysis, and chest torment (Stevens 1079). In individuals whose insusceptibility is undermined, this disease could spread through the vascular framework. Introduction Valley fever will in general copy atypical

Race in your community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race in your locale - Research Paper Example I am a dark male who was conceived in a created nation. As I was growing up, I saw that my neighbors and companions had a similar good measures and convictions. Numerous Caucasians and a couple of Hispanics and Asians were a piece of the network also. In my family, I was encouraged that all individuals ought to be regarded and treated as equivalents. The greater part of the individuals in my locale lived well together and were not supremacist. There were likewise a couple of embraced youngsters from Africa who we would mess around like baseball with. While growing up, we didn't take a gander at the shade of skin or one’s race. We were dear companions who had sleepovers, played computer games together and ate at each other’s houses. We additionally did open air exercises like going angling, playing football and playing tennis, much the same as some other ordinary youngsters. At the point when we got into mischief either at school or at home, our instructors, guardians or the guardians of our companions would rebuff us by walloping our butts. We were instructed to state aware words like ‘thank you’ and ‘please’. Uncertainty was not an issue, and along these lines we would go out opened when we went out or rested. On the off chance that a companion had not completed their errands, for example, tidying up their room or taking out the junk, we would support them. Being a little network, the neighborhood paper unquestionably spoke to the individuals and the exercises that went on in the network. The neighborhood paper and the nearby TV and radio broadcasts gave an account of the great and awful exercises that were going on. The neighborhood papers, TV and radio broadcasts gave an account of the nearby climate. Some of the time, the kids from the network were included by the media in that the radio and TV channels would let the children report on the climate. There was no racial inclination in choosing the kids who might report the climate. My people group is the best spot to bring up a youngster, in light of the fact that the individuals are affable, kind and accommodating. Indeed, even as minorities, I, just as the minority Hispanics and

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 1st, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for September 1st, 2019 Sponsored by Book Riot Insiders These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Moxie: A Novel by Jennifer Mathieu for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. When They Call You a Terrorist by Patrisse Khan-Cullors and Asha Bandele for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals Truly Devious by Maureen Johnson for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Shadow Child by Rahna Reiko Rizzuto for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. 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Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 1st, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for September 1st, 2019 Sponsored by Book Riot Insiders These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Moxie: A Novel by Jennifer Mathieu for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. When They Call You a Terrorist by Patrisse Khan-Cullors and Asha Bandele for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $2.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals Truly Devious by Maureen Johnson for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Shadow Child by Rahna Reiko Rizzuto for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. 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Size of the Elements on the Periodic Table

The Effects Of Technology On Eating Disorders - 2029 Words

Austyn Behrens Michelle Pederson EN 102-06 28 February 2015 Argument of Fact: The Effect of Technology on Eating Disorders An eating disorder is categorized by unusual eating patterns that attempt to fulfill a psychological void that forms over time. An estimated 30 million Americans suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder, 20 million being women and 10 million being men, at some phase in their life. Hospitalizations for eating disorders have also risen a significant amount. There were 29,533 hospital stays in 2008-2009 for patients diagnosed with any of the various types of eating disorders. The Agency for Healthcare Research Quality conducted a study showing a 24 percent increase in a time frame of 10 years.The three most known disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Eating disorders — which include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating — are a complex set of illnesses caused by genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological and social factors. These disorders have the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness. Anorexi a, in particular, has a mortality rate 12 times higher than any other cause of death in women ages 15 to 24, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.Anorexia nervosa is considered the most lethal and consists of self-starvation, weight loss, an unreasonable concern of gaining weight, and an inaccurate body image. Bulima nervosa is characterized by a cycle of obsessiveShow MoreRelatedStudies of Social Media and its Effects on Adolescent’s Body Image 1166 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the years, technology has evolved into something people cannot live without. Mixed in with all of the improvements, social media has become a major asset in the lives of people. 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People are highly moldable beings who soak up what they are surrounded by, so it makes sense that aRead MoreMass Media And The Entertainment Industry949 Words   |  4 PagesSome believe that mass media and the entertainment industry should be responsible for causing eating disorders in young girls, while others believe differently. I believe that mass media and the entertainment industry portray beauty in a deadly way, since they establish a false image of a â€Å"perfect† woman. Others think that mass media and the entertainment industry should not be accountable for eating disorders because they argue that young individuals are held responsible for themselves. Society cannotRead MoreEating Disorders : The Forgotten Issue1302 Words   |  6 Pages Eating Disorders: The Forgotten Issue In today’s society, it has become hard for the average person to fit the high expectations and perfect mold that has been created by being connected to the internet. With the pressure so high, and competition so intense everyone is striving to become perfect to fit the mold. Eating disorders have become common in many people as a way to change their body image or gain more control over their life, caused by the stressRead MoreThe Dangers Of Excessive Exercise And Diet995 Words   |  4 Pagessometimes those guidelines are unrealistic. We have to know what is right for our body size and what’s realistic for our body type. Mindfulness is vital when dieting or exercising because either excessive or inconsiderable amounts can lead to eating disorders, addiction or permanent damage to health. People diet and exercise for different reasons, but what many do not realize is that too much exercise can be detrimental to our health. Along with dieting, many people will find themselves in a vicious

White Collar Crime Costs American Tax Payers - 2111 Words

White collar crime costs Americans tax payers an estimated â€Å"$300 billion annually† (White-collar Crime), but more importantly hurts millions of American emotionally and financially who put their trust in stock market and financial institutions. Surprisingly, even with the astronomical cost only a few perpetrators are ever indicted and even fewer receive any sort of punishment for their greed and selfishness. On October 1, 2014 Florida had witness a rare indictment of not one or two but three Florida bankers trying to side step FDIC into giving them a subsidy loan over $3 Million. Donald â€Å"Terry† Dubose, Frank A. Baker, and Elwood â€Å"Woody† West were all indicted on twelve different counts of banking-related fraud. Terry Dubose, Frank Baker, and Woody West were all bank directors and shareholders of the Costal Community Bank (CCB) with location in Panama City, Florida and Port St. Joe, Florida. Terry Dubose was chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Coastal Community Bank while holding the second largest shareholder. Frank Banker was the acting Attorney while having the largest shares of the community bank. Woody West was the CCB Chief Financial Officer. Coastal Community Bank that Dubose, Baker, and Woody West was supposed to run and manage was already failing from bad loans and high level of insider abuse. According to HTcreative website Insider loans were so high it been recorded up to â€Å"$16,090,000† in the month of September of 2007 a month prior to Coastal Community BankShow MoreRelatedJeffrey Reiman, He Is The Author Of The Book The Richer930 Words   |  4 Pagesaccompanied with a general refusal to remedy the causes of crime poverty and discrimination. This book can be said as critique of criminal justice. Reiman states thesis in his introduction as he claims that the goal of the American criminal justice system is not to eliminate crime or to achieve justice, but to project to the people an image of the idea that the threat of crime emerges from the poor. Another topic discussed in this book is about the crime done by upper class. We all know that unemploymentRead MoreSutherlands Concept of White Collar Crime in the 21st Century 2277 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay discusses Sutherland’s concept of white collar crime in the light of whether it is still appropriate in the 21st century. It is worth noting that white collar crime is often perceived as a less serious crime in the society. This is based on several reasons including the fact that the crime receives less media coverage. This incomprehensive media coverage of white collar crime may be attributed to the complex nature of the crime, which makes many incidences go unreported. 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With more people crossing the border into the United States in search of a better life, the work force is being affected tremendously, and our government is spending unthinkable amounts of tax dollars trying to keep the borders safe and the crime rates low. The first reason that government should grant public services, especially healthcare, to the undocumented workers is the simple fact that they are human beings. The main goal for healthcare is obviously to preventRead MoreHealthcare Fraud1818 Words   |  8 PagesFraud is a serious crime that should concern all parties of the U.S. health care system and is a costly reality that the government cannot overlook. While not all fraud can be prevented, by learning about the many different types of fraud, patients can be educated on how to prot ect themselves from fraud. If we use government programs to inform the public that they can be targeted, the dollar amount for these cases for fraud can be reduced. An informed public and a properly funded FBI will go aRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System3724 Words   |  15 Pagesconstructed today, is doing enough to punish and to deter crime. It will also look to see if there is deterrent in punishment at all. To do this there are a number of theories that should be examined. This includes the following Deterrence theory, rational choice theory, and lastly the positivist theory. The deterrence theory is a very basic, but overlapping theory to all of the others. We learn that at a very early age that reward vs cost is a critical thing to weigh when making decisions. ThisRead MoreLow- Income Housing4465 Words   |  18 PagesHousing The most successful, long term, low-income housing projects are those that use sustainable design and address the social, cultural, and economic needs of residents. Traditionally built low-income housing projects are associated with high crime rates and high mortality rates among the residents who live in them. They do not provide for the needs of residents, resulting in many of the problems these low-income housing projects face today. These problems range from endangerment of human lifeRead MoreMoney Laundering13123 Words   |  53 Pages An organized crime Why it is done | 2. | Stages and Process Of Money Laundering | 3. | Vulnerability of the Financial System to Money Laundering | 4. | Banking Sector: Medium, Regulator And Cause | 5. | Private Banking And Money Laundering: | 6. | What Banks Should Do? | 7. | Indian Law For Prevention Of Money Laundering | 8. | Law Enforcement Authorities | 9. | Tax Havens And Money Laundering

Managing The Occupational Health And Safety -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing The Occupational Health And Safety? Answer: Introducation In a committee meeting goals for WHs procedures has to be highlighted. In auditing of WHS procedure relative to changes made in the last year, there can be various flaws highlighted. Teams within the organization will be asked to brainstorm ideas relative to any new implementation or improvement procedures that can be adopted for any possible lag areas. There have been other brainstorming ideas such as re-designing of the WHs procedures and policies existing within the operations (Quinlan 2010). While the suggestion might be lucrative, it would involve immense number of challenges to do away with the entire existing procedure all at once. Moreover this process does not hints at improvements rather it aims at reframing the entire process altogether. As per latest WHS policies and procedures existing, all areas within the purview of WHS policies will be overviewed. Then recommendations in every specific areas will be applied such that any possible gaps can easily be rectified. Discuss each recommendation and: Identify the best improvement for each procedure Write the name of the person who made the recommendation, write the recommendation Briefly write in your own words why this procedure was recommended over any others listed in the brainstorming session. Best improvements for each procedure is impossible to achieve at the current stage. Only recommended course of action following gaps in identified procedures can be undertaken. In order to improve procedures relative to WHS policies record keeping, documentation, implementation, evaluation and monitoring has to be adopted(Leggat 2011). A step by step will be the best practices adopted that can allow meeting objectives at the auditing procedures. Chris Bradshaw has recommended the practices for overcoming challenges faced within various departments relative to WHS policies. His recommendations were aimed at reducing current and on-going hazards in the workplace and improve overall processes. The organization did not earlier document procedures related to WHS, which can be a great challenged faced while auditing. While auditing in the organization, auditors will like to look at current documented procedures, then only improvements accommodated can be understood. In absence of WHS policies and procedures documents, there can be issues concerning compliance faced in those procedures. Earlier all standards, policies and procedures used to be orally said. But latest procedure of documentation will allow better monitoring of performance procedures with respect to WHS policy procedures. Monitoring and evaluation using KPI (Key Performance Indicator) scores will allow reviewing of standards in an easy manner. It will also allow to pr operly evaluate procedures pertaining to current state of affairs. There can be tallying of such policies with documented procedures that would enhance effectiveness of WHS procedures. In other recommendations obtained at brainstorming procedures documentation was not advised. Rather all suggestions appeared vague in front of this current recommendation. Through documentation, the organization could easily map its developmental progress in case of WHS procedures and policy. Moreover, such records can easily be referenced in case of need regarding any requirement pertaining to cases of injury. The organization will be easily able to produce such documents in courts of law in case any employee or outside agencies marketing falsified claims. In absence of documentation, the organization will face immense challenges and difficulties in resolving cases related to WHS or in settling any sort of claims. All proceedings will flow against the organization and in favor of the other party. Therefore, this recommendation appeared to be the most effective amongst all others brainstorming ideas obtained during the course of the meeting. If no recommendation for improvement is recommended, explain why. There have been a lot of recommendations that has been suggested at improving current state of affairs. All improvements hints at making significant changes to procedures currently followed at the organization. Reference List Leggat, S. G., Bartram, T., Stanton, P. (2011). High performance work systems: the gap between policy and practice in health care reform.Journal of health organization and management,25(3), 281-297. Quinlan, M., Bohle, P., Lamm, F. (2010).Managing occupational healthcare and safety. Palgrave Macmillan.

Analyzing Ekphrastic Poetry Assignment Flashcard

Analyzing Ekphrastic Poetry Assignment

Antz essays

Antz essays In the movie Antz, the producers tied many governmental issues into the story. The colony was led like a communist country, an aristocracy, and had a totalitarianism setup. Communism, for example, was a major part of the story. The government dictated the entire colony and every aspect of the ants lives. Aristocracy was another governmental issue that was part of the movie. The Queen had the final say in all issues in the colony and she had all of the wealth. The ant colony was totalitarianistic, also, for there was a big strong central government, which decided everything for the workers and military ants. General Mandible led the military with an iron fist, and led the army into a coup detat. When the coup began, the soldier ants then became juntas; soldiers involved in a coup, along with Cutter, Mandibles right hand man. The ant colony government strongly disagreed with Z and his individualism because it led other people to think for themselves instead of getting blindly led by the Queen and General Mandible. Zs individualistic views created chaos in the government. This movie showed many of the governments that are throughout the world, including old Great Britain, Russia, China, and even the United States of America. Using ants, they were also able to show how individualism belongs to everyone and that you must fight for your right to do as you please, as long as it is not hindering someone elses freedom. ...

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 12

Research Paper Example It is relevant during investigations where one dies of poisoning. Referred to as the inventor of forensic toxicology as he studied asphyxiation, exhumation as well as bodies decomposition. He designed reliable techniques to enhance his treatise to detect arsenic poison. He developed Anthropometry between 1893 and 1914 hence referred to as the father of criminal identification. He used the principle of distinctness of individuals exact measurement of their body, and that such sum of measurement leads to characteristic formula of a particular individual A provision is permitting officer to conduct a check with no warrant on an arrestee (Mena 76). Conducted in arrestees jurisdictional area on polices security, interference with evident and preventing hiding. A significant Supreme Court ruling that police was not restricted by Fourth Amendment to stop and frisk a person even there is no probable cause to arrest so long as the police is satisfied with a probable

Predatory Lending Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Predatory Lending Practices - Essay Example When lenders began offering loans to deprived borrowers with low or bad credit standing, sub-prime loans were priced higher to compensate for the risk. Regardless of the a client's personal credit history, these finance companies offer the chance and allowance of refinancing or new mortgage that overwhelms he borrower with high fees and expensive often unhelpful terms. Minority borrowers composed of hard working people and low-wealth are the usual of consumers availing this type of loan to obtain financing. Availability of fair credit terms should be a major priority for responsible lenders as people no matter what the noted deficiencies are members of a civilized society with moral rights to uphold regardless of condition of credit orientation. However, seemingly cognizant of the needs of this minority sector, financing institutions have blossomed giving effect to what has been observed as a tragic loophole in Federal reserves that charges people with exorbitant interests and penalt ies. When the growth in equity lending has created risk management practices in response to financial institutions with equity lending programs, financial institutions' credit risk management practices for home equity lending have not kept pace with the product's rapid growth and easing of underwriting standards. We have seen numerous fore-closures on home properties in the past years that would eventually reflect in an economic meltdown. Further studies revealed predatory practices of lending institutions as the culprit in this scenario that charged exorbitant and often unnecessary fees and interests into the gross amounts that may no longer be viable for a medium to low wage earning homeowner. How can management eliminate the negative symptoms How can management fully capitalize on an opportunity Risk Management standards would create a favorable scenario over the increased lending with favorable tax treatments that may allow home equity loans and lines attractive to its consumers that offers a modest repayment schemes and relaxed structures that was currently devoid in its system. Institutions should capitalize on the rise on home values coupled with lower interest rates that make a product more attractive yet attainable and helpful to its user. The identification of certain risk factors in the system of practices in a financial lending institutions helps to identify the culprits that serves to practice certain features that offer an "interest-only" amortization that requires no principal amount applied. Documentation or its absence provides no room for evaluative measures and appraisals within the healthy structure. Risk management systems call for lending measures conducted in a safe and sound manner pursued with adequate allowances for loan losses and appropriate capital levels without negating sound practices in the accepted lending policies. Management principles actively assess the changes in the consumer's ability to pay and the potential decline of a home value and entertain this scenario without generating allowances that charge exorbitant fees disabling the capacity of the borrower from paying his dues and eventually leading to the

Cytomegalovirus Overview

Cytomegalovirus Overview 1. unocompromised host Cytomegalovirus is a significant opportunistic pathogen in immuno-compromised patients. Primary infection, reactivation of latent virus, and reinfection are possible and are often clinically silent. The onset of infection is marked by spiking pyrexia, which may resolve in a few days. Its severity is parallel with the level of immunosuppression, and is greatest in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients and AIDS patients with low CD4+ T-cell counts. Solid organ transplant recipients, patients receiving immunosuppressive chemotherapy, and subjects with congenital immunodeficiencies may also be symptomatic (Landolfo et al., 2003). Organ transplantation Cytomegalovirus is one of the most important pathogens that infect (SOT) recipients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality (Beam and Razonable, 2012). Solid organ transplant recipients are particularly susceptible to CMV-related disease due to the immunosuppression necessary to prevent organ rejection. Patients receiving T-cell depleting therapies are at the highest risk The major risk factor for CMV pneumonia is a CMV-seronegative transplant recipient receiving a CMV-seropositive organ. Because of the multiple human strains of CMV, seropositive organ recipients are at risk of re-infection with a different strain of virus. The clinical syndrome is then usually less severe than in primary infection and the onset of disease is often delayed to approximately 6-8 weeks post-transplantation (Alexopouloset al., 2012). Clinical signs of HCMV infection in transplant recipients may be absent or severe, although severe infection is now less frequent as a result of better prophylaxis. HCMV is initially localized in the transplanted organ, but then spreads throughout the gastrointestinal tract and to the retina, skin, endometrium, lungs, and CNS. HCMV disease is more difficult to treat in BMT compared with SOT recipients, and HCMV pneumonia has a high mortality rate, despite the recent introduction of specific antiviral drugs (Landolfo et al., 2003). Lastly, an immunosuppressive syndrome often related to HCMV infection in the late post-transplant period is characterized by superinfection with bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, perhaps due to disturbance of both the humoral and cellular immune response by HCMV (Landolfo et al., 2003). Cytomegalovirus and HIV infection CMV can cause very serious infection in HIV infection (Barrett et al., 2012). Retinitis: Retinitis is the most common manifestation of CMV disease in HIV positive patients. It presents with decreased visual acuity, floaters, and loss of visual fields on one side. It begins as a unilateral disease, but in many cases it progresses to bilateral involvement. It may be accompanied by systemic CMV disease. (Barrett et al., 2012). CMV pneumonia in patients who are HIV positive is uncommon. The reason for this is unknown (Barrett et al., 2012). Gastrointestinal tract: In the upper gastrointestinal tract, CMV has been isolated from oesophageal, gastric and duodenal ulcers. Patients with oesophageal disease may present with painful dysphagia. In the lower gastrointestinal tract, patients with CMV may present with diarrhoea due to colitis (Barrett et al., 2012). CMV may cause disease in the peripheral and central nervous system (Barrett et al., 2012). Replication in the CNS of AIDS patients produces some of the symptoms observed in congenital infection, and is often followed by encephalopathy (Landolfo et al., 2003). Laboratory Diagnosis It is difficult to diagnose CMV infection in immunocompromised patients as it requires not only detection of virus but also determining whether CMV is causing disease. CMV shedding and viremia are common in patients with impaired cellular immunity even when disease due to CMV is not present (Jahan, 2010). Rapid and sensitive technique for diagnosis of CMV infection is of vital importance for the management of immunocompromised patients. A number of rapid and sensitive methods have been developed. These includes DNA probe techniques (Spector and Vacqier, 1983) , Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Zipeto et al., 1992), CMV antigen detection in biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage (Emanuel et al., 1986) and immunofluorescence technique for detection of CMV early antigens in cell (Vander et al., 1988). Moreover, an assay has been developed for CMV antigenemia based on the detection of CMV immediate early antigen (pp65 ) in circulating leucocytes (Boeckh et al., 1996). Histopathology: Histopathology remains the reference standard for diagnosis of tissue-invasive CMV disease (Razonable and Hayden, 2013). CMV infection is indicated by cellular and nuclear enlargement (cytomegalic cells) and the presence of amphophilic to basophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (aggregates of CMV nucleoproteins that are produced during viral replication) (Eid et al., 2010). The severity of CMV infection can be assessed based on the degree of histological involvement (Mattes et al., 2000). While these histopathologic findings are highly characteristic of CMV infection (Mattes et al., 2000), atypical features may be present and may overlap in appearance both with reactive changes and with inclusions of other intracellular viruses. Hence, the diagnosis can be confirmed further by in situ hybridization (ISH) or immunohistochemical (IHC) testing (Razonable and Hayden, 2013). The ISH uses CMV-specific cDNA probes that bind to viral DNA in the cellular materialÂÂ   (Razonable and Hayden, 2013). Likewise, IHC uses monoclonal or polyclonal antibody against early CMV antigen (ChemalyÂÂ   et al., 2004 Histopathology requires an invasive procedure to obtain tissue samples for testing (Eid et al., 2010). As a result, clinicians are often hesitant to perform it. Moreover, repeated biopsies cannot be performed serially to assess the response to treatment (Eid et al., 2010). Accordingly, many clinicians rely on the demonstration of CMV in the peripheral blood by Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) or antigen testing to support the clinical diagnosis of tissue-invasive CMV disease in patients with compatible clinical signs and symptoms (Razonable and Humar, 2013). Serology: Serology relies on the sensitive detection of antibodies against CMV in the blood (Vauloup-Fellous et al., 2013). CMV immunoglobulin M (CMV-IgM) is initially secreted during early CMV infection, and the detection of CMV-IgM by serologic assays is indicative of active, acute, or recent infection. Weeks into the course of primary infection, CMV-IgG antibody is secreted, and this antibody persists for life. The detection of CMV-IgG is indicative of previous or past infection (Vauloup-Fellous et al., 2013). Many different assays have been described and evaluated for the detection of CMV IgG antibodies. Among these are complement fixation, ELISA, anticomplement immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and indirect hemagglutination (Ross et al., 2011). Many different assays are available for IgM detection, but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are the most widely used. Recombinant IgM assays using recombinant HCMV proteins and peptides have been developed in an attempt to standardize serological assays. However, studies have shown poor correlation of results obtained with different commercial kits for IgM testing. In addition, assays for IgM antibody lack specificity for primary infection because of false-positive results, because IgM can persist for months after primary infection, and because IgM can be positive in reactivated CMV infections (Ross et al., 2011). Because of the limitations of the IgM assays, IgG avidity assays are utilized in some populations to help distinguish primary from non-primary CMV infection. These assays are based on the observation that IgG antibodies of low avidity are present during the first few months after the onset of infection and avidity increases over time reflecting maturation of the immune response. Thus, high anti-CMV IgG avidity represents longstanding infection in an individual. Avidity levels are reported as the avidity index which is the percentage of IgG bound to the antigen following treatment with denaturing agents (Ross et al., 2011). Seroconversion remains a reliable means of diagnosing primary CMV infection but usually practical only for closely monitored patients such as transplant recipients, for whom pre and post infection sera are readily available (ONeill et al., 1988 and Pass et al., 1983). Culture: This is highly specific for the diagnosis of CMV infection (Razonable and Humar, 2013). Culture can be performed using the conventional plaque assay or the more rapid shell vial centrifugation culture system (Razonable et al., 2002). Isolation of CMV from most clinical samples (other than urine, saliva, and stool) is highly predictive of the diagnosis of CMV disease or the risk of progression from CMV infection into clinical illness (Razonable et al., 2002). In contrast, the use of urine, saliva, and stool samples for CMV culture is of limited clinical utility because viral shedding may be detected in these specimens in CMV-seropositive patients even in the absence of clinical illness (Razonable and Humar, 2013). For CMV-seronegative patients (seen most commonly in pediatric age groups), however, the isolation of CMV in urine (and other samples) may be clinically relevant, since it is suggestive of active primary infection (instead of shedding) (Razonable and Humar, 2013). The major drawbacks to viral culture are its low to modest sensitivity and long turnaround time (Razonable et al., 2002). Accordingly, the clinical use of viral culture is minimal in the contemporary era, when molecular assays are most commonly used in the clinical setting (Razonable et al., 2002). The remaining major clinical use of viral culture is in the diagnosis of CMV infection by use of samples that have not been validated or optimized for molecular testing (Razonable and Humar, 2013). Viral culture may also be required when phenotypic antiviral drug resistance testing is needed, although advances in molecular genotypic assays have emerged for detecting antiviral drug resistance (Hakki and Chou, 2011). Antigen Testing: CMV antigen detection in the blood is the most commonly used phenotypic method for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of CMV infection (Razonable and Humar, 2013). CMV antigenemia assay uses monoclonal antibodies to detect the CMV pp65 antigen that is expressed in CMV-infected leukocytes during the early phase of the CMV replication process (Razonable et al., 2002). The result of the test is reported as the number of positive cells per total number of cells counted (Razonable and Humar, 2013). Because pp65 is secreted during viral replication, its detection in peripheral blood leukocytes generally signifies active CMV infection. The CMV antigen assay is a rapid and easy test to perform and has a higher sensitivity than that of virus culture (Razonable and Hayden, 2013). It is able to detect CMV infection earlier than virus culture, with some studies reporting the detection of antigenemia an average of 5 to 14 days before the onset of CMV disease (Razonable and Hayden, 2013). Thus, it can be used to detect early CMV replication and to guide the initiation of preemptive therapy (Singh, 2001). In general, the degree of pp65 antigenemia correlates with the risk of subsequent CMV disease. However, there is a lack of consensus as to the threshold of pp65-positive cells that should trigger the initiation of antiviral therapy (Razonable and Hayden, 2013). In some studies, the sensitivity of pp65 antigenemia testing for the diagnosis of CMV infection was comparable to that of CMV NAT by PCR (Garrigue et al., 2006). One of these studies reported a strong correlation between pp65 antigenemia and CMV PCR performed on whole-blood specimens (Garrigue et al., 2006). Other studies, however, have reported a significantly lower sensitivity of antigenemia testing than those of molecular tests (Pang et al., 2009). Moreover, the plasma PCR assay detected CMV infection 12 days earlier than the antigenemia test (Hadaya et al., 2003). The disadvantages of CMV antigenemia testing are its labor-intensive and manual nature. The interpretation of the test is subjective, and there is limited interlaboratory standardization of thresholds of positive cell counts to guide various clinical actions (Razonable et al., 2002). Blood samples being subjected to pp65 antigenemia testing should be processed rapidly (ideally within 6 h) to optimize sensitivity, since test results depend on the life span of leukocytes ex vivo. Delays in the processing of a sample for longer than 24 h may lead to a significant decrease in the number of detectable pp65-positive cells in the blood (Razonable and Hayden, 2013).

Morality Essays -- essays research papers

Morality: An essential to life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Russian born American science-fiction writer and biochemist once quoted, â€Å"Never let your sense of morals get in the way of doing what’s right.† This statement generates a series of controversial questions. What is right? How do morals affect people and society in which we live? Does everyone have specific morals by which they try to live their life? How does someone realize what their morals are? What are morals? These questions cannot be truthfully answered because everyone has their own definition of what is right and what is wrong and how one should live their life. My definition of morality is the concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong, which can be seen through someone’s actions based on their ethical principles. That is, if someone lives their life based on their morals. Morality plays an important role in your life and the lives of others whether or not you live with it or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the time when I was little, I thought I’ve always had a good idea about what is right and what is wrong. I’m not saying I always did the proper thing, but each time I did something morally indecent or offensive, my conscience always let me know. Over time, incidents where my morality was tested have helped me develop a number of morals in which I try to live my life. I believe having morals is an important part of a developing character....

Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology Essay

The day and the life of a teenagers, is consumed with text messages, Face time, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, and Face book messages. Many of us watch TV, listen to music, and â€Å"live chat† with our friends by way of the â€Å"smart phone†. I’m sure our parents wished for once, we would â€Å"look up† from our phones and have an actual conversation with them, but we can’t. We’re addicted to our phones. And sadly, this is typical living for modern people to â€Å"deal with† this hurried and fast-paced society. Nevertheless, it seems that we have less and less time to face the real world around as â€Å"technology† owns us. Is this new form of communication doing us good or bad? In chapter eight of the book â€Å"Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other,† the author Sherry Turkle, emphasize that people prefer technology over face-to-face communication and therefore, as known as â€Å"cy borgs†. It seems impossible for people to a moment without technological devices such as webcams, cell phones or laptops. We love the ideal of staying connected with others by way of our handheld or lap devices. As stated by the author, â€Å"cyberspace† offer teenagers a place to create and explore identity. Additionally, virtual communities, such as the internet, allow us a chance at forming a â€Å"Second Life†. By creating an avatar, we can edit our lives as we know it by creating a profile that will attract â€Å"followers, friend requests, and likes†. We literally have our relationships in the â€Å"palm† of our hands. But, is this real? Can we sustain these types of relationships? As noted in the chapter, â€Å"Virtual places offers connection with uncertain claims to commitment†¦People talk about digital life as the â€Å"place for hope,† the place where something new will come to them† (Turkle 153). I can admit to checking my phone just about every 5 minutes for a new pictures or messages from my â€Å"friends†. Social media provides instant updates and allow us to stay attune with what’s happening in the world – my world. However, Turkle’s stance remains neutral, yet depicts both the advantages and disadvantages being tethered to the internet gives us. We tend to remove ourselves from society by talking on phones or glancing down at screens of their mobile devices. We â€Å"log out† of the â€Å"real world† and â€Å"log in† the virtual space and therefore, cease the interaction or human connection with people surrounding us. In Chapter 1, Turkle states â€Å"†¦Whether or not our devices are in use, without them we feel  disconnected, adrift. Gradually, we come to see our online life as life itself. †¦ Technology reshapes the landscape of our emotional lives, but is it offering the lives we want to lead?† (16, 17). We’re unable to live without technology. We have conditioned ourselves to never leave home without our devices . Gone are the days of remember important contact information. Our handheld device house all of this information, so should we lose the smart phone, we’re completely lost. Moreover, people feel like their abilities are enhanced and efficiency are increased while multitasking. As noted in chapter 8, â€Å"†¦We have moved from multitasking to multi-lifing.† (160). In fact, we’re unable to perform basic tasks without some form of technological device near us – streaming music, TV, or live chats. It seems that we gain more time from the technological devices than we gain from picking up the phone or having a face-to-face meeting. Turkel, stated, â€Å"The online life may be enjoyable and fulfilling, making one even less satisfied with life at home. Networked, we are together, but so lessened are our expectations of each other that we can feel utterly alone. And there is the risk that we come to see others as objects to be accessed–and only for the parts we find useful, comforting, or amusing.† (154). Our expectations have â€Å"dimmed† due to our reliance on text messages, emails, and other social media outlets. We accept cryptic messages instead of organized, well throughout communications or agenda. Is there such a thing as social media overload? Can we escape from our devices long enough to simply â€Å"breathe†? One of the examples from the book, a museum curator Diane, she can barely keep up with the pace of technology. It’s her goal to remain â€Å"offline† in order to enjoy her life during her scheduled vacation and not feel inclined to response to the â€Å"unread† messages. The author suggests to us that in order to have more time to think, we have to the networked devices away, especially our youth. The author, Sherry Turkle, does not clearly express whether she encourage or discourages the use of networked devices, however, through her words, we can see that she implies that it is important for that we take a break from the virtual world and try to get back to the basics. As for my opinion, I enjoy my smart phone and the access that I have, however, realize after reading this book, I need to develop â€Å"real† friendships and not rely on my â€Å"followers† on the popular social media outlets to bring me instant gratification. However, I agree  with the author, people have a hard time relaxing because we’re always â€Å"on† and in receipt of news, be it good or bad. Yet, I choose the virtual world. Works Cited Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. New York: Basic Books, 2011. Print.

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